The effect of pre-collaborative activity instruction on self-efficacy

..................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 Humans’ Collaborative Nature .................................................................................................... 3 Collaborative Learning in Education ........................................................................................... 4 Educational Theory and Collaborative Learning ......................................................................... 7 Scaffolding Collaborative Learning ............................................................................................ 9 Measuring the Effect of Instructional Scaffolding on Collaborative Self-Efficacy .................. 10 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 14 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE...................................................... 18 Collaborative Learning .............................................................................................................. 18 Self-Efficacy .............................................................................................................................. 39 Instructional Scaffolding ........................................................................................................... 53 Research on the Experimental Environment ............................................................................. 64 Research on Other Issues ........................................................................................................... 64 Focused Research ...................................................................................................................... 68 Summary: Review of Literature ................................................................................................ 78 Research Questions Revisited ................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 3: METHOD ............................................................................................... 85 Experimental Setting ................................................................................................................. 85 Overall Experimental Approach ................................................................................................ 86 Experimental Timeline .............................................................................................................. 87 Participants ................................................................................................................................ 88 Treatment and Control Training Materials ................................................................................ 88 Variables and Measures ............................................................................................................. 90 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 94 Validity Review ......................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS................................................................. 98 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 98 Quantitative Data ....................................................................................................................... 98 Qualitative Perspective ............................................................................................................ 137 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, SIGNIFICANCE AND FUTURE RESEARCH ..... 139 Research Question 1a: Students’ Collaborative Self-Efficacy. ............................................... 140 Research Question 1b: Students’ Collaborative Self-Efficacy and other factors. ................... 145 Research Questions 2 & 3: Instructional Scaffolding .............................................................. 146 Research Question 4: What evidence is there of the treatment-training? ................................ 150 Other Quantitative Findings. ................................................................................................... 151 Collaborative Activity Compared to a Model ......................................................................... 154 Limitations of the Study .......................................................................................................... 158